COURSES

Chemistry looks at matter and changes from a molecular point of view.  It tries to explain the everyday world in terms of the molecular world.  In this way it connects all the related fields to the fundamental ideas of Science.  Chemistry also deals with the structure and properties of the simplest particles like atoms and nano-particles to some of the most complicated molecules like DNA and proteins.  It studies compounds that are naturally formed and synthesises many others. Chemistry explores changes that are completed within a fraction of a nanosecond and those that take place over millions of years. Some of these changes occur in a single step while some others take place in several hundred steps.  Chemistry also sheds light on the changes that take place within living things like plants and animals as well as those that take place in non-living things like the interior of planets and stars.

On the other hand, Chemistry forms the founding stones for many industries and scientific agencies.  This includes, but not limited to, synthesis of fertilisers and medicines, production of steel and aluminium to paints and plastics, and making new power sources to monitoring and protecting the environment. To improve the performance or utilization of any existing material knowledge of its Chemistry is essential.

A General Degree with Chemistry as one of the subjects will give you a broad knowledge of these exciting ideas and a hands-on experience on most of them. A Special Degree in Chemistry will prepare you to be a partner in the changes that shape our world for a better tomorrow. An Applied Science in Chemistry will provide an opportunity to strengthen the career development in the industrial sector.

 

CHE101G2  : General Chemistry 

(30 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

  • Describe basic knowledge in electronic structure of atoms
  • Illustrate chemical bonding in molecules
  • Outline the concepts of nuclear chemistry
  • Define the fundamentals of titrimetry.

Syllabus:

Structure of Atoms

  • Development of atomic structure: electromagnetic radiation, atomic spectra of hydrogen, Bohr model
  • Dual behavior of matter: black body radiation, Compton effect, photoelectric effect, wave particle duality, de Broglie equation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle;
  • Quantum theory: wave function, introduction to y and y2, quantum numbers, shapes of atomic orbitals, contour map electron density diagrams
  • Polyelectronic atoms: penetration and shielding, effective nuclear charge (Slater rules), Pauli exclusion principle, building up principle, Hunds rule
  • Periodic trends in atomic properties: atomic and ionic radii, electron affinity and ionization energies

Nuclear Chemistry

  • Nuclei and isotopes, radioactivity, nuclear stability, binding energy, radioactive decay law, decay schemes, detection of radioactivity
  • Fission and fusion reactions, applications of radioactivity

Bonding in Molecules 

  • Classification of chemical bonds: Lewis dot structure, electronegativity, polarity and dipole moment, application of Lewis theory to construct molecular structure, the octet rule, resonance, prediction of shapes of molecules using VSEPR rules
  • Valence bond theory: nature of σ and π bonding in molecules, hybridization of atomic orbitals
  • Molecular orbital theory: bonding in homonuclear diatomics, s, p orbital mixing, bond strength and bond order, heteronuclear diatomics
  • Intermolecular forces: metallic bond, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bond
  • Bonding in solids: metals, alloys, conductors and semiconductors

 Introduction to Titrimetry

  • Fundamentals of acids and bases: Arrhenius theory, Bronsted-Lowry’s theory, Lewis theory, acid base equilibria in aqueous solution, pH
  • Acid-base reactions: primary and secondary standards, standard solutions, titration curves, equivalent points, end point detections, indicators, pH curves, buffers, solubility product principle, common ion effect and their applications to the precipitation and separation of common metallic ions

Evaluation:

Two in-course assessment tests each of half an hour duration 30%
End of course written examination of two hours duration 70%

CHE102G2: Foundations of Physical Chemistry

(30 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

  • Provide students a clear understanding about some of the basic principles of Physical Chemistry, principles governing the equilibrium between phases and the laws of Thermodynamics and their applications

Syllabus:

Introductory Physical Chemistry and Phase Equilibria

  • Molecular kinetic theory of gases, energies of gas molecules, interpretation of gas properties, non-ideal behaviour, van der Waals equation, other equations of state, Maxwell distribution and its applications, collision frequency, collision number, mean free path, condensation, critical constants, reduced equation of state, activity and activity coefficients, partition coefficient and its applications (excluding extraction)
  • Chemical kinetics: rate, rate law, order and molecularity, zero order and first order reactions, influence of temperature, method of initial rates
  • Phase equilibria: phase, number of components, number of degrees of freedom, phase rule, phase diagram of one component systems
  • Two component liquid-liquid and liquid-vapour equilibria: Raoult’s law and ideal behaviour, phase diagram for ideal behaviour, Lever rule, fractional distillation, azeotropes, immiscible liquids, steam distillation, partially soluble liquids
  • Two component solid-liquid equilibria: eutectics, systems with congruent and incongruent melting points, cooling curves, partial and total solid solubility, three components systems

Chemical Thermodynamics 

  • Work, heat, reversible and irreversible expansions, isothermal and adiabatic processes, state functions and exact differentials, zeroth and first laws of thermodynamics, internal energy, molecular nature of internal energy, heat capacities (Cp and Cv), Joule-Thomson effect, variation of specific heat with temperature, thermo chemistry, standard thermodynamic functions and reactions, Kirchhoff’s law
  • Second law of thermodynamics, entropy and reversibility, molecular interpretation of entropy, free energy functions, Clapeyron equation, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, van’t Hoff equation, isochoric reaction, relationship between change in Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant, variation of equilibrium constant with temperature, Maxwell relationships and their applications, open systems, Gibbs-Helmholtz and related equations, partial molar properties, chemical potentials and their variation with temperature and pressure, chemical potentials of solvents in ideal solutions, Gibbs-Duhem equation, third law of thermodynamics, absolute entropies
  • Introduction to statistical thermodynamics: Ensemble, distributions and number of complexions, most probable distribution, expressions for total energy, entropy and free energy

Evaluation:

Two in-course assessment tests each of half an hour duration 30%
End of course written examination of two hours duration 70%

CHE103G1: Chemistry of Periodic Elements

(15 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

  • Describe main group elements, transition metals, transition metal complexes and their properties
  • Explain chemistry of lanthanoides and actinoides element and their applications

Syllabus:

Main Group Elements

  • Hydrogen
  • Group 1 Elements: alkali metals
  • Group 2 Elements: alkaline earth metals
  • Group 13 Elements: boron and other metals
  • Group 14 Elements
  • Group 15 Elements: pnictogens
  • Group 16 Elements: chalcogens
  • Group 17 Elements: halogens
  • Group 18 Elements: noble gases

Transition Metals

  • Transition metals and their complexes
  • Properties and periodic trends of transition metals
  • Applications of transition metals

Lanthanoides and Actinoides

  • Properties of the f-block elements
  • Separation of lanthanoides and actinoides and their applications

 

Evaluation:

Two in-course assessment tests each of half an hour duration 30%
End of course written examination of two hours duration 70%

 

CHE104G3: Organic Chemistry I

(45 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objective:

  • Describe the significance of organic compounds
  • Discuss mechanisms of different classes of organic reactions
  • Explain the fundamentals of organic stereochemistry
  • Outline the chemistry of alicyclic compounds

Syllabus:

Overview of Organic Compounds

  • Organic compounds in daily life: agrochemicals, drugs, cosmetics, surfactants, food additives, petroleum products, and other compounds
  • Functionalized organic compounds: review of hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, amines and diazonium salts, synthesis and reactions of dicarbonyl compounds (diketones, ketoacids and ketoesters) and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds

Organic Reaction Mechanisms

  • Organic reactions: introduction, classification
  • Kinetics and energetics: energy profiles, kinetic control, thermodynamic control
  • Reactive intermediates: structure and stability of carbanions, carbocations, carbenes and carbon free radicals
  • Substitution reactions: SN1, SN2, SNi and SE mechanisms
  • Elimination reactions: E1, E2, ElcB, Ea, Eb and pyrolitic elimination mechanisms
  • Addition reactions: AN, AE and AR mechanisms
  • Factors affecting organic reactions

Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds

  • Stereoisomers: conformational isomers, configurational isomers
  • Chirality: symmetry elements, optical activity, specific rotation, enantiomeric excess
  • Racemic modification, resolution
  • Fischer projection, Newman projection, Sawhorse representation
  • Configurational nomenclature: D-L nomenclature, threo and erythro nomenclature, R-S system, E-Z nomenclature
  • Chirality in molecules devoid of chiral centres: allenes, cumulenes, spiranes, biphenyls, and other relevant compounds

Alicyclic Chemistry

  • Nomenclature, synthesis, reactions and properties of 3, 4, 5 and 6-membered alicyclic compounds and decalin
  • Conformational analysis of alicyclic rings

Evaluation:

In course assessments

Two End of Course practical examinations each of three hours duration

 30%

70%

 

CHE105G1: Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory 1

(45 hours of practical work)

Objective:

  • Develop basic practical skills involved in qualitative and quantitative analyses

Syllabus:

Quantitative Inorganic Analysis

  • Safe laboratory practices, introduction to measurements and errors
  • Acid base titrations: strong acid-strong base, strong acid-weak base, strong base-weak acid, polyprotic acid-strong base
  • Quantification of Na2CO3 in washing soda, carbonate and hydroxide in a given mixture
  • Redox and precipitation titration

Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

  • Identification of simple inorganic anions and cations
  • Separation of different anions and cations in a given mixture

Evaluation:

In course assessments (Theory and Practical)

Two End of Course practical examinations each of three hours duration

 30%

70%

 

CHE106G1: Organic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory 1

(45 hours of practical work)

Objective:

  • Develop basic practical skills involved in elemental analysis by Lassaigne’s test, functional group analysis and recrystallization techniques
  • Design and perform simple experiments in physical chemistry

Syllabus:

  • Identification of elements N, S, P, Cl, Br and I present in organic compounds by Lassaigne’s test
  • Functional group analysis of organic compounds
  • Simple recrystallization techniques using polar, non-polar and mixed solvents
  • Simple physical chemistry experiments involving chemical equilibrium, kinetics, heats of reactions and electrochemistry

Evaluation:

In course assessments (Theory and Practical)

Two End of Course practical examinations each of three hours duration

 30%

70%

 

CHE201G2  : Coordination and Organometallic  Chemistry

(30 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

  • Describe basic knowledge in structure of coordination compounds
  • Illustrate the chemical bonding in coordination compounds
  • Outline the concepts of coordination chemistry
  • List the fundamentals of organometallic chemistry

Syllabus:

Introductory Coordination Chemistry

  • Introduction to coordination complexes, Werner’s theory, nomenclature, geometry and isomerism of coordination compounds

Bonding of coordination compounds

  • Valence bond theory, crystal field theory, ligand field theory, high and low field complexes, crystal field splitting energy, Jahn-Teller distortion, crystal field splitting energy
  • Magnetic properties of coordination complexes of first transition elements, calculation of spin contribution to paramagnetic moment
  • Stability of coordination complexes, factors affecting the stability constant and  formation of coordination complexes, Chemistry of complexones

Preparation and application

  • Preparations and applications of coordination complexes, Introduction to Trans effect

Organometallic chemistry

  • Introduction to organometallic compounds: classifications, valence electron count, oxidation state, The 18-valence electron rule and its’ applications

Bonding and reactions of organometallic compounds

  • Transition metal alkyl, carbene, carbonyl, cyanide, isocyanide, thiocyanate, and isothiocyanate compounds
  • Bonding in π complexes:  olefin and arene complexes, alkene, ferrocene

Preparation and application of organometallic compounds

  • Organometalic compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Zn, Cd, Hg and Al
  • Organometallic catalysis and their applications

Evaluation:

In course examination 30%
End of course written examination of two hours duration 70%

 

CHE202G3: Quantum Mechanical Approach to Atomic and Molecular Structure and Molecular Spectroscopy

(45 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

  • Outline quantum mechanical principles to understand atomic and molecular structure
  • Illustrate chemical bonding in molecules using quantum mechanical principles
  • Define crystal systems and diffraction methods
  • Understand the basic principles of molecular spectroscopy and their applications

Syllabus:

Quantum Mechanics (14 hours)

  • The origins of quantum mechanics, derivation of SchrÖdinger wave equation, quantum mechanical principles, applications of SchrÖdinger wave equation to a particle moving in one, two and three-dimensional boxes, degeneracy
  • The Born interpretation of wave function, polar coordinate system, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, solution of time-independent SchrÖdinger wave equation for the hydrogen atom and hydrogen like ions, radial and angular functions, radial probability and angular probability functions, orbital shapes, radial distribution curves, many electron atoms, electron penetration and orbital energies, calculation of effective nuclear charge

Molecular Structure and Chemical Bonding (9 hours)

  • LCAO method, variation principle, introduction to Hartree’s self-consistent field approximation method, valence bond and molecular orbital approaches in diatomic (homo nuclear and hetero nuclear) and polyatomic molecules, hybrid orbitals, ionic compounds, calculation of r+ and r– from inter nuclear distance, band theory, conductors, semiconductors and insulators

Crystal Systems and Diffraction Methods (7 hours)

  • Introduction to crystals, types of crystals, symmetry elements, point groups, space lattice and unit cell, Miller indices, diffraction methods

Molecular spectroscopy (15 hours)

  • Molecular properties: Electrical properties (dipole moment, permittivity, polarizability), magnetic properties (magnetic moment, magnetic susceptibility)
  • Introduction to molecular spectroscopy of diatomic and polyatomic molecules
  • Rotational spectroscopy: Moment of inertia, rotors and their symmetry, quantization of rotational energy, selection rule, isotope effects, intensity
  • Vibrational spectroscopy: Harmonic oscillator, quantization of vibrational energy, selection rule, isotope effects, anharmonicity, fundamental and overtone transition, hot bands, vibrational modes.
  • Ro-vibrational spectroscopy: Selection rules, parallel and perpendicular vibration
  • Raman spectroscopy: Raman and Rayleigh scattering, Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering, rotational and vibrational Raman spectra
  • Electronic spectroscopy: Potential energy curve, classification of electronic states, electronic selection rules, Franck-Condon principle, fluorescence, phosphorescence

Evaluation:

In course assessments 30%
End of course written examination of three hours duration 70%

 

CHE203G2: Organic Chemistry II

(30 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

  • Outline different spectroscopic techniques
  • Elucidate the structure of organic compounds
  • Describe the  synthesis  and reaction mechanisms of various class of carbonyl compounds

Syllabus:

Ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectroscopy

  • Basic principles, instrumentation,  types of electronic transitions, selection rules for conjugated olefins and carbonyl compounds, applications

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy

  • Basic principles, instrumentation, different types of vibrational modes, trends in characteristic functional group frequencies, interpretation of IR spectra and applications

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

  • Basic principles, instrumentation, chemical shifts, spin-spin coupling AMX, AB, AX couplings, interpretation of 1H-NMR spectra and applications. Basic principles and interpretation of 13C-NMR, distrotionless enhancement of polarization transfer (DEPT) spectra of simple compounds.

Mass spectrometry

  • Basic principles, instrumentation, different methods of fragmentation, interpretation of mass spectra and applications.

Carbonyl compounds

  • Synthesis and reactions of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones, dicarbonyl compounds (diketones, ketoacids and ketoesters), α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, esters and amides.

Evaluation:

In course assessments 30%
End of course practical examination of six hours duration 70%

CHE204G3: Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Laboratory II

(135 hours of practical work)

Objectives:

  • Develop basic practical skills involved in qualitative, quantitative analyses
  • Provide training on synthesis of simple organic compounds
  • Train on data interpretation and structure elucidation of organic compounds

Syllabus:

Quantitative Inorganic Analysis

  • Iodometric titrations
  • Complexometric titrations
  • Advanced Redox titrations

Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

  • Identification of different anions and cations in the mixture with the presence of phosphate ions

Synthesis of Organic compounds

  • Separation of organic compounds
  • Synthesis of simple organic compounds and determination of their melting points

Structure elucidation of organic compounds

  • Identification of organic structures by interpretation of UV,IR, NMR, and mass spectra

 

Evaluation:

In course assessments (Theory and Practical) 30%
End of course written examination of two hours duration 70%

 

CHE301GC2: Analytical chemistry

(30 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To enable the students to understand the basic concepts of separation and analytical techniques.

Syllabus:

Error analysis: Introduction, numerical formulae for error, classification of errors, accuracy and precision, determination and improving accuracy, statistical methods in error analysis and sampling techniques.

Solvents: Classification, properties, acid-base strength, levelling action, solvolysis, effects on reactions.

Separation techniques: Basic principles and application of distillation, solvent extraction and chromatographic techniques.

Analytical techniques:

Titrimetry:

Classical methods: Introduction, titration curves, sensitivity and selectivity, acid-base titrations, complexometric titrations, chelation, redox titrations, precipitation titrations and back titrations.

Electrometric methods: Potentiometry, electrogravimetry, polarography, amperometry, coulometry, conductometry and colorimetry.

Optical methods: Flame photometry, ultraviolet spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, molecular absorption spectroscopy, molecular emission spectroscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.

Radiochemical methods: Isotopic dilution analysis, activation analysis, kinetic analysis and enzymatic analysis.

Gravimetry: Introduction and steps involved in the analysis.

Evaluation:

Two in-course assessment tests each of half an hour duration 30%
End of course written examination of two hours duration 70%

CHE302GC3: Electrochemistry, Chemical kinetics and Surface chemistry

(45 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To enable the students to gain understanding in

  1. the fundamental concepts of electrochemistry
  2. the kinetics of chemical processes
  3. the basic principles of surface chemistry

Syllabus:

Electrochemistry: Electrolyte, conductivity, mobility of ions in the electrolyte solution, conductometric titration, electrodes, electrochemical cells, electromagnetic force, thermodynamic aspects, special electrodes, potentiometric applications, introduction to electrical double layer, applications of electrochemistry (Latimer and Frost diagrams, electroplating, prevention of corrosion, bioelectrochemistry).

Chemical kinetics: Brief review of chemical kinetics, second and higher order reactions, determination of order and rate constant (differential method, half-life method, flooding), complex reactions (reversible, consecutive, simultaneous, chain and photochemical reactions), collision theory, transition state theory, kinetics of catalysis.

Surface chemistry: Liquid/gas interface, solid/gas interface, adsorption isotherms, introduction to colloids.

Evaluation:

Three in-course assessment tests each of half an hour duration 30%
End of course written examination of three hours duration 70%

CHE303GC3: Practical chemistry III (Physical, Inorganic and Organic Chemistry)

(120 hours of practical work)

Objectives:

To develop practical skills in

  1. chemical kinetics and surface chemistry
  2. classical and instrumental analytical techniques
  3. multi-step organic syntheses.

Syllabus:

Estimation of random errors in calculated physical quantities, determination of order, rate constant and activation energy of reactions, determination of partition coefficient and adsorption coefficient, simple experiments using analytical techniques such as titration, conductometry, potentiometry, colorimetry, polarimetry, chromatography and gravimetry, elucidation of the formulae of simple inorganic double salts by qualitative analysis, multi-step syntheses of organic compounds.

Evaluation:

In-course assessments 30%
Two End of Course practical examination 70%
Paper I (Physical Chemistry) : Three hours duration
Paper II (Inorganic & Organic Chemistry): Six hours duration

CHE321GE2: Industrial chemistry and Chemistry of biomolecules

(30 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To enhance the students’ knowledge in the chemistry.

  1. industrial processes and waste management

Syllabus:

Industrial chemistry: Processes involved in the industrial manufacture, waste contributing steps and pollution control of the following;cement, ceramic, glass, plastic, asbestos, paint, textile, paper, tea, rubber and sugar.

Biomolecules: Biosynthesis, primary metabolites, secondary metabolites.

Monosaccharides: Properties, classification, stereochemistry, synthesis and reactions.

Disaccharides: Synthesis, structure elucidation and reactions.

Polysaccharides: Synthesis and reactions.

Aminoacids: Properties, classification, stereochemistry, synthesis and reactions.

Peptides and Proteins: Peptide bond formation, introduction to Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis.

Enzymes: Properties, factors affecting the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions, inhibition of enzyme activity.

Lipids: Wax, fat, oil, soap, emulsion, emulsifier, phosphate esters, extraction and purification of lipids.

Evaluation:

Two in-course assessment tests each of half an hour duration

End of course written examination of two hours duration

 30%

70%

CHE322GE2: Rearrangement reactions and Heterocyclic chemistry

(30 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To enable the students to gain understanding in

  1. the basic principles and mechanistic similarities of various types of rearrangement reactions.
  2. the fundamentals of heterocyclic reactivity and synthesis.

Syllabus:

Rearrangement reactions :Nucleophilic rearrangements to carbon involving carbocation induced alkyl and hydride shifts (Wagner-Meerwein, pinacol, Tiffeneau-Demyanov, dienone-phenol and hydride shifts), carbanions (Favorskii and benzil-benzilic acid rearrangements) and carbenes (Wolff rearrangement), nucleophilic rearrangements to nitrogen (Beckmann, Curtius, Lossen, Schmidt and Hofmann rearrangements), nucleophilic rearrangements to oxygen (Baeyer-Villiger and hydroperoxide rearrangements), electrophilic rearrangements from nitrogen (Stevens, Sommelet-Hauser and Meisenheimer rearrangements), electrophilic rearrangement from oxygen (Wittig rearrangement), aromatic rearrangements (Fries, Fischer-Hepp, Orton, Bamberger and benzidine rearrangements) and pericyclic reactions (Frontier Molecular Orbital theory, electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions and sigmatropic rearrangements).

Heterocyclic chemistry: Structures and physical properties of 5- and 6-membered and bicyclic heteroaromatic compounds, synthesis and reactions of pyrrole, thiophene, furan, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline and indole.

Evaluation:

Two in-course assessment tests each of half an hour duration

End of course written examination of two hours duration

 30%

70%

 

CHE301MC3: Advanced analytical and spectroscopic techniques

(45 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To introduce modern advances in analytical and spectroscopic techniques.

Syllabus:

Advanced analytical techniques : Brief summary of analytical techniques and their uses (determination of pKa values of chelating ligands, study of stoichiometry and stability of various metal complexes at different pH values), use of coordination complexes in chelation therapy, principles of chelation therapy in medicine (metal transport, removal of metal overload).

Advanced spectroscopic techniques:

Optical Rotatory Dispersion: Introduction, optical rotatory dispersion curves and circular dichroism curves, axial halo ketone rule, octant rule, applications.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy : Brief overview of principles, comparative study of classical and quantum mechanical models, fundamentals of magnetic resonance, instrumentation – NMR magnets, probes, field sweep- and frequency sweep–continuous wave NMR spectroscopy, pulsed radiofrequency-Fourier Transform NMR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR spectra, 13C-NMR spectra, high temperature and low temperature NMR spectra, advanced theories of NMR, multi pulse methods in NMR, 2D NMR, dynamic NMR, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and their uses in inorganic chemistry.

Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy: Principles, nuclear hyperfine splitting, anisotropic effects, ESR spectra of transition metal ion complexes, uses of ESR spectroscopy in chemistry.

Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance spectroscopy : Introduction and principles, energies of quadrupole transitions, effect of magnetic field, relationship between electric field gradient and molecular structure, NQR spectra of transition metal ion complexes, uses of NQR spectroscopy in chemistry.

Mössbauer spectroscopy: Principles, interpretation of isomer shifts, quadrupole interactions, magnetic interactions, Mössbauer spectra of transition metal ion complexes, uses of MB spectroscopy in chemistry.

Photo Electron Spectroscopy : Principles, introduction to UV-PES and X-PES, Koopman’s rule, photoelectron spectra of diatomic and simple polyatomic molecules, comparative study of molecular orbital energies obtained from PES and theoretical quantum mechanical calculations, applications and limitations of UV-PES and X-PES.

Evaluation:

In course assessment

End of course written examination

 30%

70%

CHE302MC3: Applications of group theory and Diffraction methods

(45 hours of lectures and tutorials)
Objectives:

To enable the students to

  1. Understand and apply group theory for the study of molecular vibration (IR and Raman spectroscopies) and bonding in molecules.
  2. Gain knowledge in diffraction techniques for three dimensional structural elucidation.

Syllabus:

Applications of group theory : Symmetry elements and operations, point groups, stereographic projections, group multiplication tables, matrices, degenerate and non-degenerate representations, irreducible and reducible representations, application to chemical bonding, projection operators, application to molecular vibration (Infrared and Raman spectroscopies).

Diffraction Methods: Brief review of crystal systems and diffraction methods, space groups, reciprocal lattices and fourier transforms, determination of crystal structure, fourier synthesis, ionic crystals and cohesive energy.
Evaluation:

In course assessment

End of course written examination

 30%

70%

 

CHE303MC3: Pericyclic reactions and Photochemistry

(45 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To introduce

  1. the pericyclic reactions and their mechanisms and stereochemical effects
  2. the principles and applications of photochemistry

Syllabus:

Pericyclic reactions: Introduction, classification (cycloaddition, electrocyclic, sigmatropic and group transfer reactions), theories, prediction of the mode of reaction and the stereochemistry of products under thermal and photochemical conditions by applying the theories.

Photochemistry : Photochemistry in nature, applied photochemistry, photochemical principles and kinetics, photochemical reactions such as photo oxidation (endoperoxide, hydroperoxide and dioxetane formations), reactions of saturated and a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, photo addition, photo reduction, photo isomerisation and photo rearrangement.

Evaluation:

In course assessment

End of course written examination

 30%

70%

CHE304MC3: Aromaticity and Conformational analysis

(45 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To enable the students to gain knowledge in

  1. the aromatic and non-aromatic characteristics of non-benzenoid compounds
  2. the essentials of conformational analysis and asymmetric synthesis
  3. the quantitative structure-reactivity relationships in organic chemistry

Syllabus: 

Aromaticity: Theories of aromaticity, criteria for aromaticity, homoaromaticity, chemistry of non-benzenoid aromatic (having 2p, 6p, 10p, 14p and 18p electrons) and non-aromatic (having 4p, 8p, 10p, 12p, 14p and 16pelectrons) systems.

Conformational analysis : Effect of conformation on reactivity and stability of compounds, Curtin-Hammett principle, conformations of chiral aldehydes (Crams model, Felkin-Anh model), monocyclic, bicyclic (decalin) and polycyclic (perhydrophenanthrene and perhydroanthracene) compounds, effect of conformation on rearrangement reactions (Neighbouring Group Participation, classical and non-classical ions, etc.), stereoisomerism, stereospecific and stereoselective reactions, asymmetric syntheses using chiral auxiliaries, chiral reagents and chiral catalysts (Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, asymmetric hydroxylation, asymmetric hydrogenation etc.), geometrical isomerism, optical isomerism in achiral compounds (spiro compounds, biphenyls, etc.), correlation of configuration and specification of configuration.

Hammett equation: Brief review of Hammett sr relationship, limitations of and deviations from Hammett equations scale, modified substituent constants (s- and s +), diagnosis of reaction mechanisms, Yukawa-Tsuno equation, Taft equation, effect of solvents (Y and ET parameters).

Evaluation:

In course assessment

End of course written examination

 30%

70%

CHE305MC2 Advanced inorganic chemistry laboratory

(120 hours)

Objectives:

To enhance practical skills in

  1. Quantitative analysis using advanced titrimetric and gravimetric methods.
  2. Quantitative analysis of rare elements and synthesis of inorganic compounds.

Syllabus:

Advanced titrimetric and gravimetric techniques. Quantitative analysis of inorganic mixtures containing rare cations, synthesis of inorganic complexes.
Evaluation:

In course assessment:

  1. One practical examination of 4 or 5 hours duration                 20%
  2. One written examination of 1 hour duration                            10%

End of the course practical examination of 7 hours duration         70%

 

 

CHE306MC2 Advanced physical chemistry laboratory

(120 hours)

Objectives:

To enhance advanced practical skills in

  1. Phase equilibria, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, transport processes and structure determination
  2. Classical and instrumental analytical techniques

Syllabus:

Construction of phase diagrams, determination of equilibrium constant by distribution method, determination of transport number of ions, determination of molecular weight of polymers, determination of order, rate constant, activation energy and effects of catalysts of reactions using different kinetic methods. Experiments using advanced analytical techniques such as titration, conductometry, potentiometry, coulometry, voltametry, colorimetry, polarimetry, refractometry and spectroscopy.

Evaluation:

In course assessment:

  1. One practical Examination of 3 or 4 hours duration                 20%
  2. One written examination of 1 hour duration                            10%

End of the course practical examination of 6 hours duration         70%

CHE401MC4: Advanced Coordination Chemistry, Magneto Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry and Reaction Mechanism

(60 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To enable the students to understand:

  1. Bonding and electronic spectra of coordination complexes.
  2. Mechanisms of inorganic reactions
  3. Magnetic properties of coordination complexes.

Syllabus:

Advanced coordination chemistry: Bonding in complexes: Theories in coordination chemistry, type and description of bonding, diagrammatic representations. Electronic spectra of complexes: Introduction, spin multiplicity, weak and strong field approaches, spectroscopic terms, microstates, Orgel diagrams for d1 to d9complexes, type of transitions, selection rules and intensities, crystal field splitting energy, Recah parameters, spin-orbit coupling, Jahn-Teller effect, Angular Overlap Model (AOM) of d- orbitals, charge transfer spectra.

Magnetochemistry: Introduction, magnetic susceptibility, measurement of susceptibility, corrected magnetic susceptibility, paramagnetism, Curie’s law, Curie-Weiss law, trend of paramagnetic behaviour with energy separation, quenching of orbital contribution, spin-orbit coupling, and temperature independent paramagnetism, applications of paramagnetic behaviour, diamagnetism, and ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism.

Organometallic Chemistry: Review of organometallic chemistry from CHE221GE2,  metal carbonyls, σ complexes, π-lefin complexes, π-arene complexes, organometallic compounds as catalysts.

Reaction Mechanism: association and dissociation reactions, substitution reactions, experimental investigation of mechanisms, effect of p bonding in substitution reaction, SN1lim, SN2lim and SN1CB mechanisms, acid and base hydrolysis of Co(III) complexes, factors affecting the rate of a reaction, reaction pathways in square planar complexes, factors affecting the reactivity of square planar complexes, isomerization reactions in coordination complexes, photochemical reactions.

Evaluation:

In course assessment

End of course written examination

 30%

70%

CHE421ME3:  Bioinorganic chemistry, Nuclear and Radio-chemistry, Advanced chemistry of inner-transition elements, Clusters and Clathrates

(45 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To gain better knowledge about:

  1. Functions of inorganic ions in biological systems,
  2. Lanthanides and actinides,
  3. Nuclear and radio chemistry.
  4. Inorganic cluster and clathrate compounds.

Syllabus:

Bioinorganic chemistry

The biological roles of metal ions: reaction pathways of metal enzymes, metal storage, transport and biomineralizations. dioxygen management; storage and transport of metal ions. Electron transfer in metabolic processes, metal-sulphur proteins, metals in medicine.

Nuclear and Radio-chemistry: Introduction, elementary particles, radioactive series, radioactive decay law, radioactive equilibrium law, kinetic isotopic effect, Schilard-Chalmer effect, radiation sources and measurement of radiation, alpha-, beta- and gamma- radiation, half-life, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, neutron activation analysis.

Inner Transition Elements: Oxidation states and their stability. Comparative study of coordination number, stereochemistry, magnetism and electronic spectra of lanthanides and actinides, preparation and stability of actinide ions in aqueous solution, cyclopentadienyl, cyclooctatetraene and other organometallic compounds of inner transition elements.

Clusters and Clathrates

Clusters: Brief overview of boron clusters, metal-metal bonding and metal clusters; type of clusters, electron count, structure and isolobal analogies, Polyhedral skeleton electron pair theory, introduction to tensor surface harmonic theory.

Clathrates: Channel compounds of urea and thiourea, clathyrate compounds of water, cyclodextrins, Werner complexes, phenol & dianin’s compounds, the rare gas-quinol clathrates (Helium and Neon, Krypton and Xenon ).

Evaluation:

In course assessment

End of course written examination

 30%

70%

CHE402MC4: Quantum Chemistry, Statistical Thermodynamics, Advanced Surface Chemistry, Macromolecules and Aggregates

(60 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To enable the students:

  1. To understand the phenomena that led to the development of Quantum Mechanics, to apply the principles of Quantum Mechanics to specific problems like rotation and vibration of molecules, one-electron atoms, many-electron atoms and polyatomic molecules;
  2. To understand the basic ideas behind connecting the microscopic and macroscopic properties, to appreciate the use of ensembles and to apply these ideas to specific systems to determine chemical properties;
  3. To understand the special nature and properties of surfaces, specific interactions between the surface and the environment, to derive mathematical relationships governing adsorption and surface catalysis;
  4. To understand the nature of the factors that contributes to the properties of Macromolecules, properties of biopolymers and to identify the forces responsible for self-assembly.

Syllabus:

Quantum Chemistry

Schrodinger equation, Operators, Harmonic oscillator, Angular momentum, Rotational motion, Hydrogen atom, Variation method, Perturbation theory, Electron spin, Many-electron atoms, Hartree-Fock method, Bonding in polyatomic molecules, Virial theorem, Hellmann-Feynman theorem, Ab initio treatments, Basis functions, Semi empirical treatments.

Statistical Thermodynamics

Statistical definition of entropy, Ensembles, Canonical partition function of a system of non-interacting particles, Canonical partition function of a pure gas, Boltzmann distribution law, Ideal diatomic and mono atomic gases, Polyatomic gases, Equilibrium constants, Entropy and the third law, Intermolecular forces, Fluids.

Advanced Surface Chemistry

Capillarity, Surface films, Growth and structure of solid surfaces, Methods of surface analysis, Solid-liquid, solid-gas interfaces, Adsorption, BET and related isotherms, Chemisorption and catalysis.

Macromolecules and Aggregates

Synthesis, characterization, structure and properties of macromolecules, Biopolymers, Self-assembly, Colloids, Micelles, Surface films.

Evaluation:

In course assessment

End of course written examination

 30%

70%

CHE422ME3: Advanced topics in Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Electrochemistry

(45 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To enable the student:

  1. To apply thermodynamic relations to complex systems;
  2. To familiarise with the methods to study fast reactions, to draw the potential energy surfaces and to demonstrate an understanding of the various theories of reaction rates;
  3. To develop models for ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions, to apply laws of electrostatics to derive specific formulas, to develop mathematical relationships that describe the electrode/electrolyte interface and to derive equations for the rates of reactions that occur at the interface.

Syllabus:

Advanced Thermodynamics

Third law, Absolute entropies, Thermodynamics of chemical reactions, Chemical potential, Gibbs-Duhem equation, Phase equilibria, Equilibrium constants, Mixtures, Activities, Partial molar quantities, Non equilibrium thermodynamics.

Advanced Chemical Kinetics

Study of fast reaction rates, Relaxation methods, Chain reactions, Explosions, Oscillations, Collision theory, Diffusion controlled reactions, Activated complex theory, Potential energy surfaces, Unimolecular theory, Reactions in solution.

Advanced Electrochemistry

Ion-solvent interactions, Structural treatment, Debye-Huckel theory, Electrode/electrolyte interface, Electrocapillary equation, Structure of the electrified interface, Electrode kinetics, Mass-transfer and electron-transfer controlled reactions, Butler-Volmer equation, Nernstian behaviour, Electrochemical methods.

Evaluation:

In course assessment

End of course written examination

 30%

70%

 

 

CHE403MC4: Retro synthesis, Advanced Heterocyclic Chemistry and Advanced Chemistry of Primary Metabolites

(60 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To enable the students:

  1. Design organic syntheses for themselves.
  2. Enhance their knowledge in heterocyclic reactivity and synthesis.
  3. Gain knowledge in control and regulatory mechanisms of primary metabolites in biological processes.

Syllabus:

Retro synthesis : Basic principles, functional group inter-conversions, synthons and synthetic equivalents, C-X disconnections (one group and two groups), C-C disconnections (one group and two groups – 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5- and 1,6-difunctionalised compounds), disconnections of cyclic compounds (3-, 5- and 6-membered rings) and aromatic heterocycles.

Advanced heterocyclic chemistry: Reactions and synthesis of heteroalicyclic compounds, benzothiophene, benzofuran, pyrones (a- and g-pyrones), benzopyrones (chromone, coumarin and isocoumarin), pyrylium ion, benzopyrylium ion, quinolizinium ion, diazines (pyridazine, pyrimidine and pyrazine), 1,3-azoles (imidazole, thiazole and oxazole), 1,2-azoles (pyrazole, isothiazole and isoxazole), purines.

Advanced Chemistry of primary metabolites: Carbohydrates: Brief overview of monosaccharides, chemical and enzymatic disaccharide formations, polysaccharides, glycobiology. Proteins: Brief overview of amino acids and peptides, solution- and solid-phase approaches to peptide synthesis, determination of the covalent structures of peptides and proteins, protein purification, three-dimensional structures of proteins. Nucleic acids: Brief overview of nucleosides, nucleotides, RNA, DNA.

Evaluation:

In course assessment

End of course written examination

 30%

70%

 

 

CHE423ME3: Chemistry of Secondary Metabolites and Therapeutic Agents

(45 hours of lectures and tutorials)

Objectives:

To enable the students:

To understand the chemistry of secondary metabolites and therapeutic agents.

Syllabus:

Terpenoids: General methods of determining structure, classification, structure elucidation and synthesis of different groups of terpenoids (monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids and polyterpenoids).

Steroids: Nomenclature, stereochemistry, synthesis of sterols (cholesterol, ergosterol), stigmasterol, bile acids and steroid hormones.

Carotenoids: Characterisation of carotenoids, synthesis of carotenes (a-, b- and g-carotenes), lycopene, xanthophylls and carotenoid acids.

Alkaloids: Definition, general methods of determining structure, classification, structure elucidation and synthesis of different groups of alkaloids (phenylethylamine, pyrrolidine, pyridine and piperidine, pyrrolidine-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrene, aporphine and indole groups).

Flavonoids: Nomenclature, properties and synthesis of different groups of flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavones and isoflavones).

Biosynthesis: Introduction, biosynthetic pathways (polyketide, shikimic acid and mevalonic acid pathways). Biosynthesis of terpenoids, steroids, carotenoids, alkaloids and flavanoids.

Therapeutic agents: Mechanism of therapeutic action, haematological agents, sulphonamides, vitamins and antibiotics (chloramphenicol, penicillin, cephalosporin, tetracycline, ofloxan, bacitracin A).

Evaluation:

In course assessment

End of course written examination

 30%

70%

 

 

CHE404MC4: Advanced Practical Chemistry II (Organic chemistry)

(240 hours of practical work)

Objectives:

To enhance practical skills in:

  1. Multi-step organic synthesis.
  2. Isolation of natural products and elucidation of their structures from spectral data.

Syllabus:

Multi-step synthesis of organic compounds (aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic and heterocyclic compounds), extraction of natural products, interpretation of UV, IR, NMR (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR) and mass spectra and elucidation of the structure of heterocycles and natural products.

Evaluation:

In course assessment:

  1. One Practical Examinations each of three hours duration              20%
  2. One Written Examinations each of one hour duration                    10%

End of course examination:

End of course practical examination of 7 hours duration                                                   70%

 

CHE405MC4: Research Project (Laboratory or Industry based)

(20 weeks of research work)

Objectives:

To develop skills in analytical thinking, research methodology and writing research reports.

Syllabus:

An individual research project will be carried out under the supervision of a senior academic staff member (with co-supervision in the case of industry based project) and a report should be submitted based on the research project.

Evaluation:

Assessment of the research project report       100%

 

 

CHE406MC1 : Library-based seminar

(1 hour presentation)

Objectives:

To develop presentation and communication skills.

Syllabus:

An individual seminar should be presented on a topic assigned by the department.

Evaluation:

Assessment of the presentation                                                          100%

 

CHE401XS2: Application of Analytical Methods

(30 Hours of lectures and tutorials)

 Objectives:

  • Demonstrate familiarity with separation techniques
  • Discuss the fundamentals used in filtration techniques
  • Analyze chemical samples quantitatively using electrochemical and spectroscopic method

Syllabus:

  • Separation methods: Gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, affinity chromatography, Capillary electrophoresis and electro chromatography, etc.
  • Filtration techniques: Air filtration, Micropore filtration and Ultra Filtration.
  • Electrochemical methods: Charaterization of samples using electrochemical methods (Voltametry, Impedance spectroscopy, ChronoAmperometry, ChronoCoulometry, etc.), investigation of corrosion and inhibition of corrosion.
  • Spectroscopic methods: Advanced spectroscopic techniques such as inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy and direct current plasma spectroscopy in chemical analysis

Evaluation:

  • In-course Assessments               30%
  • End-of-course Examination           70%

Recommended Readings:

  • Harold H. Trimm, “Analytical Chemistry: Methods and Applications”, Apple Academic Press Inc., First edition, 2011.
  • M. Khopkar, “Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry”, New Age International Publishers, Third Edition, 2014.
  • Francis Rouessac, and Annick Rouessac, “Chemical Analysis: Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques”, John Wiley & Sons, Second edition, 2013.

CHE402XS2: Industrial Organic Chemistry

(30 Hours of lectures and tutorials)

 Objectives:

  • Discuss the issues related to synthesis and degradation
  • Perceive environmental impact of industrial polymers
  • Explain the processing and quality control of palmyrah products and essential oils.

Syllabus:

  • Palmyrah products:Chemical reactions involved in processing, quality control of raw materials in processing, quality control of palmyrah food products: fat profile analysis, vitamin analysis, anti oxidant activity, proximate analysis, analysis for impurities, etc.
  • Industrial polymers:Classification, synthesis, properties and applications of polymers.
  • Essential oils:Essential oil industries in Sri Lanka, methods of extraction, analysis and quality standards, quality control of essential oils, industrial application of other organic materials such as, fats, phospholipids, waxes, etc.

Evaluation:

  • In-course Assessments              30%
  • End-of-course Examination      70%

 Recommended Readings:

  • Moolchand Gupta, “Polymer Composite”, New Age International Publishers, First Edition, 2007.
  • G. Hundiwale, V. D. Athawale, U. R. Kapadi and V.V. Gite, “Experiments in Polymer Science”, New Age International Publishers, First Edition, 2008.

CHE403XS3: Industrial Waste Management and Cleaner Production

(45 Hours of lectures and tutorials)

 Objectives:

  • Characterize industrial wastes
  • Apply waste minimization techniques
  • Perceive the value addition to wastes
  • Formulate cleaner production options in industries

Syllabus:

  • Characterization of Industrial waste:Waste from different industrial processes, types of waste, toxic substances in industrial waste, analytical techniques for characterization.
  • Minimization and management of Industrial waste:Waste minimization and management methodologies, technical and economic advantages, waste minimization techniques, case studies on selected industries.
  • Value addition to industrial waste:Reduce, reuse, recycling and recovery of valuable substances from waste, use of industrial waste in other industries.
  • Cleaner production in industries: Resource depletion and global environmental issues, introduction to cleaner production, cleaner production process flow diagrams, quantification of resource flows, costing of resource flows, generation of cleaner production options based on waste causes, cleaner production techniques, screening and feasibility analysis of cleaner production options, industrial safety and different ISO standards such as ISO 14001, ISO 9001.

Evaluation:

  • In-course Assessments               30%
  • End-of-course Examination           70%

Recommended Readings:

  • John P. Samuelson, “Industrial Waste: Environmental Impact, Disposal and Treatment”, Nova Science Publishers Inc, 2009.
  • John Pichtel , “Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial”, CRC Press, Second Edition, 2014.
  • Kenneth L. Mulholland, “Identification of Cleaner Production Improvement Opportunities”, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., 2006.
  • N. Cheremisinoff, “Waste minimization and cost reduction for the process industries”, Elsevier Science, 2013.

 

CHE404XS2: Industrial minerals, Nanomaterials and material characterizations

(30 Hours of lectures and tutorials)

 Objectives:

  • Recall the chemistry of industrial minerals
  • List the concept of nanotechnology
  • Discuss the basic principles in characterization techniques

 Syllabus:

  • Industrial minerals: Introduction, classification and application of minerals such as Gypsum, Kaolin, Mica, Silica, Talc, Zeolite.
  • Nanomaterials: Classification, synthesis, fabrication; application in water purification, catalysis, chemical sensors, energy conversion device, etc.
  • Characterization techniques: Use of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), Electrostatic Force Microscope (EFM), Magnetic Force Microscope (MFM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) in characterization of above materials. Evaluation:
  • In-course Assessments               30%
  • End-of-course Examination           70%

Recommended Readings:

  • Barbara H. Stuart, “Polymer Analysis”, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2002.
  • Barry Carter and M. Grant Norton, “Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering”, Springer, Second Edition, 2013.
  • Guozhong Cao and Ying Wang, “Nanostructures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications”, World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptc. Ltd., Second Edition, 2011.
  • Zhen Guo, and Li Tan, “Fundamentals and Applications of Nanomaterials”, Artech House, 2009.

CHE405XS2: Chemistry for Drug design and Chemotherapy

(30 Hours of lectures and tutorials)

 Objectives:

  • Formulate novel targets for drugs that are identified from natural sources.
  • Survey of the recently and widely used methods for the design of new drugs.
  • Discuss therapeutic functions of chemotherapy drugs

Syllabus:

  • Drug discovery from natural sources: Selection of sources (plants, microorganism, and algae) and isolation, identification and synthesis of biologically active compounds, application in indigenous medicine.
  • Drug design and development:Rational, quantum mechanical and molecular orbital approaches. History of drug discovery, research and development strategies, computer aided designing (CAD) of drugs and pro-drug approach.
  • Chemotherapy:Therapeutic functions of antifungal, antibacterial, parasitic infectious, anthelmintic, anti HIV, cardiovascular and antihistamine drugs.

Evaluation:

  • In-course Assessments               30%
  • End-of-course Examination           70%

Recommended Readings:

  • Kar Ashutosh, “Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis”, New Age International Publishers, Third Edition, 2010.
  • Richard B.Silverman, The organic chemistry of drug design and drug action, Elsevier Academic press, 2004.
  • Kar Ashutosh, “Medicinal chemistry”, New Age International Publishers, Fifth Edition, 2010.